Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global Business - Essay Example In this paper, the various aspects of the spread of businesses to a global level shall be outlined and their impacts on the products they offer detailed (Wild, 2009). The company to be focused on is International Business Machines (IBM). This is a public company founded in 1911 by Thomas J. Watson and Charles Ranlett Flint. The firm is headquartered in Armonk, New York. It has among the most developed global networks and serves the whole world at present (Steers, 2010). IBM has interests in the provision of services, financing, hardware, and software. Its take on the global business scene shall be outlined in the following sections. Globalization is the movement towards achievement of greater interdependence among economies and national institutions in view of their political, cultural, technological, and economic advancements. The falling barriers to trade and investing in general have facilitated globalization largely. Technology has also played an important role in oiling the wheels of the globalization locomotive. These two forces have ensured that companies all over the world can carry out business in locations far away from their headquarters. Globalization has played an important part in reducing income inequalities across the globe. Poor countries can now pay their employees’ wages that were not possible a few years ago. The availability of jobs by multinationals in foreign countries has also elevated the standards of living of people in faraway lands. Multinational corporations such as oil conglomerates have led the pack in ensuring globalization. The global business environment has enabled corp orations in the world to carry out business at a much lower cost than it was in the previous years (Ietto-Gillies, 2005). IBM has branches all over the world to oversee its operations in these countries. While headquartered in New York in the United States, it has subsidiaries in Europe whose operational

Analyzing an Artist''''''''s Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing an Artist''''''''s Process - Essay Example She re-sculpted her image through licking the chocolate and drew it from the mold. She licked the front up to the nose through the mouth, on the eye and back over the ears to the bun as well as around the neck and down the back. The creative process focuses on the scope of conceptual structure Antoni made. Licking the artistic piece covered in chocolate meant something. Further, washing herself in soap also has a meaning to art. She feels comfortable with the rigor engaged in developing the conceptual structure. In creating ‘Touch’, Antoni hooked up a wire onto a tractor’s backhoes. The goal was to use the shovel in motion to have the wire settle onto the horizon. She dug a positioning hole where the cameraperson would capture the shot in the camera line-up (Antoni, 2013). When she walked, Antoni could appear as though to touch the horizon. Antoni insists that the idea was developed from the thought about impacts of the horizon to the human

Analyzing The Loss Of Cultural Identity In India English Literature Essay

Analyzing The Loss Of Cultural Identity In India English Literature Essay Sherman Alexies award winning novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time deals with the story of a young Native American, Junior or Arnold Spirit that deals with the issues within his own Native Americans society and also the issues within the white Americans. Native Americans were always associated with bad impressions or unproductiveness economically in their surrounding society. Their generalisation and history of the Native Americans were something to be looked at before to trace the sources or the causes such bad impression of the Native Americans as a whole. Through time and changes in the Native American society, their society as one, struggled with challenges to maintain their culture but despite all their resistance they do lost their cultural identity gradually because of the way their opportunities for having a better life have been blocked by their oppressor directly and indirectly. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (TATDOAPTI), when we look at the chapter because a geometry is not a country somewhere near France, the introducing of a sloppy teacher, Mr. P that was so forgetful and even at one time wore pyjamas to teach reflected the un-seriousness attention or concern that the community had given for youngsters education and in this story, Arnold Spirit, Rowdy, and the rest of the youngsters at the reservation. The text book that he had thrown to Mr. P is his mothers old text book. What can Arnold learn through his mothers old text book when the world outside his reservation which is the white kids school, have newest, revised, and improved text book? Arnold and the rest of the youngster that is still studying old text book would only be left behind and their competence level are just not enough to match the world or the society outside the reservation. The question of how Native Americans cultural identity be sustained if they are facing with major problems like poverty? The very best way to describe why they are living in a poor lifestyle is because of they are moved into reservations with no opportunities. In Robin M. Leichenkos writing, Does Place Still Matter? Accounting For Income Variation across American Indian Tribal Area, high rate of poverty were scored by the Native American tribes as the land that their being moved to, the reservations, were located in remotely rural regions that gives us the idea on how low their per capita income. Native Americans society that lives in the reservations has limited access to resources like markets, good infrastructure and has to live in a lower cost of living thus, when poverty becomes a problem of a society, poverty creates social problems such as violence, alcoholism and lack of education. In TATDOAPTI it is obvious that Arnolds community is in the state of a low cost living or poor life style. Poverty plays its role in Arnolds way of getting to school where he had to use several ways just to get to his school like hitchhiking, and walking 22 miles to get to school when his father cannot afford to buy gas money for his car or when there is no one to give him a ride. Education in Native Americans plays important roles in whether to sustain their cultural identity or to lose their own Native Americans cultural identity. The form of education will affect ones society whether to embrace and keeping their cultural identity alive or to erase their memory of their own cultural background. Sheman Alexies novel reflects how the Native Amerrican oppressor, which is the white Americans, would try to erase them in schools form their cultural backgrounds or identity through teachers like Mr. P himself. Mr. P roles as a teacher turns out to become a culture eraser in school where he taught the Native American with expired knowledge which makes the Indian becomes incompetence and the way he tried to deplete Arnolds Native American culture by making them give up being Indians and to leave their culture heritage such as their myths, songs and dance. In Indian Removal: Manifest Destiny or Hypocrisy by David L. Ghere, he stated on how Native Americans were removed and what did the white Americans did to keep them stay in reservations. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun in 1818 justifies the Indian Removal policy by stating that, the Native Americans are not to be considered as independent and with a good combination of force, punishment and rewards, they will obey to the law and civilization. He also stated that if the native Indian were left to take care of them they will never have a better life. His statement cannot be true as Native Americans were the ones who survived themselves, even before the imperialist comes to their place and took everything. We can see that the white Americans tried to manipulate the Native American ways of living to their advantage. One way of taming Native Americans is to introduced then to Christianity so they would be bound by rules and would be easy to manipulate Native American once they are devoted Christians. According to a member of a tribe Speckled Snake, a Creek elder aged 100+ in 1829 said that when the white American came with no survival skills, the Native American helped t hem to survive but when the white American become stronger society, they betray the native American and became their Great Father and said Get a little further form me, you are too near In The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian, Arnold is a Christian and when her sister died, her mother keeps on going to church to pray while his father keeps on drinking. When we see this situation, the Native Americans had been assimilated and gradually their cultural background flies away. Native American also struggled to preserve their cultural background though they are losing them gradually. According to Bruce Ballenger, in his article Methods of Memory: On Native American Storytelling, Native American spreads their culture through stories whether they are in myths, songs and even dance. In Native American storytelling, personal memory is not important as the racial memory is more important so that they can preserve their cultural values. Remoulding the past into their present is the purpose of the stories. In TATDOAPTI we can see that how Arnolds society handed down stories like the story about the scary lake that was told by his father, the powwow celebration that has last for more than 100 years and when his grandmother died, Arnold can recall what his grandmother was like in her younger days, even though he did was not born. People in the reservation have shared stories to handed down to one generation to another generation. When talking about maintaining their culture, the society was against Arnolds decision to go to Rearden as what Arnold is doing is never been done by other people in their society and his decision is against the way their culture works. After that Arnold was despised and out casted by his own society like when he came to play at Wellpinit high school, he was called by bad names. The Absolutely True Diary of A Part-Time Indian really has shown us the reality of the harsh life of the Arnolds Native American society where they had problem with lack of education, less resource of economy and were living in a rural area which makes it harder to live. The government should play major roles in helping the Native Americans as they were the one who help them to survive their lives in the first place way back ago. Native Americans need to do something to maintain and not losing their cultural identity by going outside of their community and start a better life outside of the reservations but still living in their beliefs and customs of who they are as Native Americans.

Television Quiz Show Scandals of the 1950s Essay -- TV Game Shows

An Examination of Television Quiz Show Scandals of the 1950s One of the greatest captivators of public interest in the 1950s was the emerging quiz game show on television. The public, naively trustful, fell in love with television game shows. People found them to be new, exciting, and similar to the captivating radio quiz shows so popular before television's advent. Some game shows were developed primarily for laughs, while others were played for prizes or large sums of money. These game shows were so popular that at their peak, twenty-two of them were concurrently on the air. They varied in format from the basic question and answer type to the naming of popular musical tunes. Public familiarity with the general structure of the quizzes, coupled with the strikingly high stakes, precipitated extreme interest in these shows, and led to the unbelievable popularity of successful returning contestants (Anderson, 9). Virtually everyone with a television set in their home tuned in weekly to their favorite game shows in the interest of seeing the cont estants, with whom they identified more and more as the weeks went by, succeed in the quiz games. The popularity of quiz games was staggering. In August of 1955 approximately 32 million television sets and 47,560,000 viewers, almost one third of the nation, tuned in to see The $64,000 Question (Anderson, 8). By 1958, no one was laughing anymore. Grabbing the attention of the public even more than the shows themselves were the scandals which emerged around them. The public's naive trust had evolved into suspicious cynicism because it had learned that many of the shows were rigged. As can be imagined, this caused great disgust among viewers. The supposed winners, for whom Americans had ro... ...rd University Press, 1994. "Remarks made during 'Quiz Show and the Future of Television'." Annenberg Washington Program. http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/quiz/remarks.htm (3/11/97). "Quiz Show: Television Betrayals Past... and Present?" Annenberg Washington Program. http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/quiz/quiz.htm (3/11/97). Stone, J. and T. Yohn. Prime Time and Misdemeanors: Investigating the 1950s TV Quiz Scandal -- A D.A.'s Account. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992. "Television in the 1950s." http://www.fiftiesweb.com/tv50.htm (3/11/97). "Quiz Shows of the 1950s." http://www.fiftiesweb.com/quizshow.htm (7/10/97 [added by PL]) "The Winning Answer." http://www.film.com/filma/reviews/quickrev.idc?REV=965 (3/11/97). Tuchman, Gaye. The TV Establishment: Programming for Power and Profit. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., l971.

Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax

CHEM 212 Laboratory – Dissolution of Borax Formal Lab Report Instructions Title Page: Experiment title, your name and partner name, course and section number, date, Signed honor code statement, and abstract. I (your name here) pledge that this assignment has been completed with accordance to the George Mason University Honor Policy as well as the policy set by the course. This work is my own and bears no resemblance to any other student's work (past or present). x__(Signature)______ Purpose Reference Materials and Chemicals Reaction: Procedure Results: Raw Downloaded Data Calculated Data for each temperature: oles of HCl moles of borax concentration of borax Ksp ?G- using both equations (A and B! ) Sample calculations – calculations of your data alone for all of the items listed above ? Graph lnK vs 1/T Show a trendline and provide the R2 value Determine ? H (kJ/mol) and ? S (J/mol K) from the graph SHOW HOW YOU DO THIS!! Printing Tables: ? Large tables should be printe d in the landscape mode and sometimes it might be necessary to go to â€Å"page setup† and select â€Å"Fit to 1 page† to make the page fit on one page. ? Include column and row headings on the printout so that the instructor can more easily understand equations used.This can be done by going to File > Page Setup > Sheet tab > Select â€Å"Row and Column Headings†. Discussion: In your discussion section address the following questions: ? Why is it unnecessary to precisely measure the amount of solid borax used? (This answer should be greater than 3 sentences in length! ) ? Should Ksp vary with temperature? Does it? Why or why not? ? Does the graph of ln (Ksp) v. 1/T have any deviating values? If so why? What could be the sources for these errors? ? Discuss the logic behind the determination of ? H and ? S.

Outliers: The Story to Sucess Essay

Outliers: The Story of Success is a book that examines the qualities and experiences of successful people in order to provide a blueprint for nurturing the human potential. According to the author, Malcolm Gladwell, human potential is not something one is born with but something that has to be shaped throughout one’s life course. Contrary to popular belief, having a high IQ or a lucky break are good opportunities to have, however, they do not contribute to an individual’s success alone. Gladwell realized that it took a combination of biological, personal, social, and environmental factors to help an individual reach their full potential. Examples of those factors that influence one’s success include timing of birth, area where one lives, family history, and culture. These factors make up concepts that Gladwell described as practical intelligence, social savvy, natural growth, and natural advantage. In addition to these factors, he discussed how anyone can succeed if they were willing to practice and work hard. He demonstrated this theory by researching the different stories of successful people and he found a common denominator, long hours of professional practice. He referred to this as the â€Å"10,000 Hour Rule. He mentioned that it took 10,000 hours or approximately 10 years of practice to perfect a professional trade. Outliers are successful people that are not your ordinary individual. However, the distinction of a true outlier can be attributed from the author’s recipe of success: the right combination of the different factors, practice, and hard work. Gladwell knew that IQ was not the sole determinant of success. So he developed other concepts based on family circumstances that included the time period of birth and child rearing, as well as, one’s acquired knowledge through education. Robert Sternberg described practical intelligence as a procedural method of knowledge that helps one know how, when, and what to say to whom to get what they desired. Gladwell looked at the life’s courses of successful people and found that many sports players born at a certain time of year were more likely to be selected for professional hockey or soccer teams. He discovered that they had more time to practice and become  better at playing these sports before the team’s selection process. He also looked at the time period at which one was born such as Bill Joy or Bill Gates, to show how they were born at the perfect time to refine a skill and change the world when the opportunity presented itself later in life. These examples show that each of these people acquired the proper skills from lots of hard work and long hours of practice; nonetheless, they were also at the right place at the right time, which were made possible through family circumstances. Social savvy is another process of acquiring knowledge that includes a collection of skills that had to be learned. These skills and attitudes are usually passed down through family generations and the chances of success are strongly influenced by their cultural legacy. Annette Laureate was a sociologist who best explained this concept after studying a group of black and white 3rd graders from different socioeconomic statuses. She discovered that the socioeconomic status played a major role in children developing social savvy skills. However, the two parenting style â€Å"philosophies† were divided along class lines. Wealthy and middle-class parents supported their children and encouraged them to pursue goals. Wealthy children’s parents tended to be very involved in their child’s life and their schedules were filled with numerous activities. Middle-class parents used reasoning with their children to teach their children how to talk, negotiate, and question authority figures to obtain more information. This parenting style was called â€Å"concerted cultivation† because it nurtured and evaluated a child’s opinions, talents, and skills. Whereas, poor parents had a different strategy of raising their children, that is referred to as natural growth. Natural growth is the parent’s sole responsibility of caring for their children but letting the child develop and grow on their own. Neither method is ethically better than the other but the concerted cultivation demonstrated more natural advantages. Comparing Chris Langham, the smartest person in the world, and Robert Oppenheimer, one of the wealthiest lawyers in world, we learned that the cultural advantages of the wealthier families made a significant difference in how one is able to navigate throughout life. Although the poor children were independent and creative, later on in life they were not able to customize their desired path because they  distrusted authority and lacked the knowledge that taught them how to make a lasting first impression. These concepts proved that being an outlier is not just about luck but a combination of IQ, acquired knowledge from education and ideal circumstances generated by family. In 1994, David Leven and Michael Feinberg founded KIPP, Knowledge is Power Program, Academy in New York City for underprivileged children. The school’s concept is remotely based on one of Gladwell’s main points, the importance of cultural legacy. This experimental middle school choose their students through a lottery system and the students spent long hours each day learning about respect and different school subjects. This social initiative has been compared to other foreign countries’ schooling, because it supported another one of Gladwell’s points that hard work and lots of practice matters in success. Gladwell mentioned that practical intelligence or social savvy skills were usually acquired from one’s family, but KIPP Academy taught these skills at school. Therefore, many of the children went on to be successful because they have learned the tools to ensure life achievement. As mentioned earlier, socioeconomic status was one of the factors that contributed to one’s accomplishments, however, this school’s mission proved that regardless of a child’s family background, the child can still succeed if given the structure and opportunity. Daisy Nation and her husband were hard working schoolteachers who provided a foundation for the success of their children and their grandchildren. Both of their twin daughters, Faith and Joyce, were able to reap the benefits of their labor and achieve higher education. Faith was given several scholarships but Joyce was not always that lucky. However, Daisy always looked out for both daughters and sent them to schools believing that the funds for their educations would be come unexpectedly. Joyce went to France for school where she met her husband, Graham, and in this union Malcolm Gladwell, the author of this book, was born. Gladwell was indeed an outlier; however, he remained humble in knowing that he was not self-made but the product of his family and the concepts he mentioned in his book. His IQ, practical knowledge, and social savvy all played a role in his success. This book was very inspirational to me because it helped me to understand my past, present, and future success. I was not raised in a wealthy family, attended what is considered to be the best schools or even considered the smartest person in my classes, but I have had impeccable timing and great drive to pursue goals when educational and professional opportunities presented themselves. In my past, the life lessons and values from my parents created common sense. My DNA and pursuit of higher education generated book sense. With both set of skills, I have had many memorable experiences and I obtained a substantial amount of knowledge that has brought me thus far and will take me further than my high IQ or any lucky break could have taken me alone. This thought-provoking text demonstrated that I did not have to be wealthiest or have the highest test score, but solely needed the concepts of knowledge and practice to meet the success threshold. This book has also helped me to understand what I need to do presently in order to be a Public Health and Social Work expert. I lack the direct practice that is needed to reach the expertise level; however, I am willing to work hard and long to be successful in understanding individuals to produce changes in a population of individuals. Our society needs more individuals who have found their niche and used it for the advancement of the general public. The level of training and knowledge in public health is ever-changing and will require hard work and practice to be effective. I am an African American woman who has continued to beat the odds regardless of what some have predicted or desired for my life. At times, I feel as if they are right, but I remember the words of a wise man, â€Å"God doesn’t expect you to always be the best, He just expects you to do your best.† Therefore, I use negativity as my motivation to keep striving and utilize my skills to make a change one step, one day at a time.

Free Essays on Wernher Von Braun

Wernher von Braun And His Contributions To America’s Space Program Wernher von Braun was a visionary and idealist. Without von Braun’s initial contributions to the U.S. space program, America would never have made the progress it did and remained competitive with the Soviets during the â€Å"Space Race†. Von Braun’s rockets and ingenuity almost single handedly launched the U.S. into space. Born on March 23, 1912 in Wirsitz, Germany, von Braun was inspired by the works of Hermann Oberth and a telescope from his mother (Semler). His repertoire consisted of a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the Berlin Institute Of Technology and a PhD in Physics from the University of Berlin (Sandmen). After becoming a member of the VfR (a German Rocket club) von Braun and a select few were hired to develop rockets by the German Army. While working for the military von Braun led a team that developed the V2. The V2 was the first successful ballistic rocket and is the ancestor of modern rockets (Lampton, 55, 59). After defecting to the U.S. during Operation Paperclip, von Braun and his team were transferred to several places before being stationed at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico ( Bergaust 126, 129). Von Braun’s initial task was to train the U.S. military on how to use the V2. America’s first launch of the V2 occurred on April 16 1946, this was where America’s interest in rocketry began (Lampton 98). After this success von Braun was moved onto more important ventures. The first was to construct a new rocket that was a notch above the V2. The Redstone Rocket, designed by von Braun and his team, was named after its arsenal (Bergaust, 191, 193). It was approximately 70 feet tall and twice as large as the V2. With a maximum thrust of 78,000 pounds and a weight of 60,000 lbs. the Redstone could carry 8000 lbs. of payload and travel a 200 mile horizontal distance using alcohol as fuel (Lampton, 107). The Redstone... Free Essays on Wernher Von Braun Free Essays on Wernher Von Braun Wernher von Braun And His Contributions To America’s Space Program Wernher von Braun was a visionary and idealist. Without von Braun’s initial contributions to the U.S. space program, America would never have made the progress it did and remained competitive with the Soviets during the â€Å"Space Race†. Von Braun’s rockets and ingenuity almost single handedly launched the U.S. into space. Born on March 23, 1912 in Wirsitz, Germany, von Braun was inspired by the works of Hermann Oberth and a telescope from his mother (Semler). His repertoire consisted of a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the Berlin Institute Of Technology and a PhD in Physics from the University of Berlin (Sandmen). After becoming a member of the VfR (a German Rocket club) von Braun and a select few were hired to develop rockets by the German Army. While working for the military von Braun led a team that developed the V2. The V2 was the first successful ballistic rocket and is the ancestor of modern rockets (Lampton, 55, 59). After defecting to the U.S. during Operation Paperclip, von Braun and his team were transferred to several places before being stationed at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico ( Bergaust 126, 129). Von Braun’s initial task was to train the U.S. military on how to use the V2. America’s first launch of the V2 occurred on April 16 1946, this was where America’s interest in rocketry began (Lampton 98). After this success von Braun was moved onto more important ventures. The first was to construct a new rocket that was a notch above the V2. The Redstone Rocket, designed by von Braun and his team, was named after its arsenal (Bergaust, 191, 193). It was approximately 70 feet tall and twice as large as the V2. With a maximum thrust of 78,000 pounds and a weight of 60,000 lbs. the Redstone could carry 8000 lbs. of payload and travel a 200 mile horizontal distance using alcohol as fuel (Lampton, 107). The Redstone...

Aztec Assignment Essay Example

Aztec Assignment Essay Example Aztec Assignment Essay Aztec Assignment Essay Introduction My role in the Aztec community is to sacrifice for the sun god (Huitzilopochtli) so that he may bring prosperity life to our people. We sacrifice to our gods as they did when they sacrificed themselves to bring us here, in a way we are repaying our debt to the heavens. I am a priest of the city of gold and this is my life.. -Day 34: It was the day of sacrifice our warriors had captured people from a native tribe nearby. We had been preparing for this following days for almost a year now as it was the 52nd year the year of eternal sacrifice. We started off with a preparation sacrifice which consisted of one helpless child†¦ ‘As he climbed the temple stairs he was whimpering and quivering the whole way up. As he gets to the top and lies down on his back, my men grab a hold of him as tight as the sacred cobra. He gazes over to me in despair I could almost taste the fear I pulled out my sacrificial knife and healed it over my head and drove it into his chest. I then pulled out his heart†¦ still beating in the sunlight. I put it up to the sky while my men tossed his body down towards the raging crowd. The pool of blood ran down the stairs which seemed to please the awaiting peasants down below. After my sacrifices were complete the celebrations had only just begun which would later continue till dawn. ’ -Day 35: The morning had arrived and I could still smell the ever lingering blood in the air. The night came we prepared as it was the day before the eternal sacrifice. When the evening star reached the top of the sky we stretched the captive over the alter, lit a fire on his heart inside his chest, then cut it out and held it up to the sky. I then placed the heart in a bowl of sacrifice which held the heart for tomorrow. Later that night the celebrations continued but the fear of the ending of the universe was still held in our people’s minds. -Day 36 As morning arose the thought occurred to me of what could happen on this very day.. The prediction was of this year that our saviour would return to these lands claim our city as his own. If we did not please our gods then the prediction would alter in a way that would lead to the destruction of our lands. The day had started with offerings and ritual dances to the gods, but the night had held for something much different. As the night came I started my preparations by changing into my ceremonial robes meeting with the sacrificial victim. The man chose himself to be sacrificed as it had brought him a full year of beautiful women wealth at the cost of death. I walked to the top of the temple while eagerly awaiting the sacrifice. I could tell the crowds where getting nervous as the chants had turned silent. The order was given to distinguish every fire within the city and it was followed by the victim being brought up. I drew the blade from its sachet holding it towards the moonlight. As I started the chant of the gods the chose victim began to startle and shake, getting closer and closer to the edge of the table. He leapt from his position, somehow avoiding the guards ran down the temple stairs, only to meet a swift death from the crowds down below. The people had not realised that they had just killed our only prepared sacrificial victim†¦ Now we waited†¦ until the sun would arise (which meant that our kingdom would be safe for another 52 years). We waited but hour after hour the crowds got more worried as they eagerly awaited our salvation. The worst prediction had come true and the sun never arose, only to be replaced with dull clouds and rain. That was it†¦ it had meant the end of the world for our people. However I would not lose hope in our gods and proclaimed to the people that the gods where satisfied. I lied, but only to protect our people. -Day 37 The morning arrived and I went into town to see how our people had taken the recent series of events. No one seemed to be scared of worried. I on the other hand was very wary of what was going to happened and I had not forgotten that we had failed to please the gods. I had given my peoples false hope and led them to believe that we would continue to prosper and live undisturbed for another 52 years. As I had said blasphemy, I was forced to remove my own ear in repayment to the gods. Ironically tho this did not seem to make me forget about our cities inevitable destruction. -Day 38 Today while walking through the markets of Tenochtitlan I noticed a strange man who must have been an outsider visiting the city. He was a light skinned man with a broad rimmed hat, with feathers protruding from the brim. Something however was different about this man, yet I could not seem to put my finger on it. [ PAGES MISSING†¦ ] -Day 43 They came through our city with spears that shone in the light.. They rode upon large beasts weld batons made from something harder than rock. I watched my people die at my feet The terror of these invaders had caused chaos within the city walls†¦ These people came because of me. I have failed my people†¦ and I have failed the gods. My name is Tianozomo I am a rightful servant to my leader Montezuma. They’re coming to me now , as for all my people†¦ please forgive me for what I have done.

Are We Too Dependent on Technology

Imagine if we were to wake up tomorrow with all electronic devices disabled. Everybody’s life would be impacted in one way or another. We would lose what has become the largest portal for communication. We would also lose countless information that has been stored on computers. There is no denying that technology is going to continue to grow; and impact every aspect of our lives. But the question is if we are becoming too reliant on something that can quickly disappear. We very well could be at risk of losing it all very soon. I will discuss what could cause this change to happen. I will also go over how I believe our dependence on technology is growing. Earth’s magnetic field protects us from most of the suns radiation and other harmful effects. However, the sun is a very powerful force that can cause sudden intense outbursts of energy that are called solar flares. If a very powerful solar flare where to strike Earth it could cause serious effects to our power grid. If we have no power grid, we have lost all of our electronic devices that we count on so much. Solar flares usually impact us the most on an eleven year cycle. The most recent time solar activity peaked was in 2001, and caused widespread radio blackouts in the pacific. The newest cycle of solar activity had begun in late 2007, a year earlier than expected. Scientists say it will peak in 2012 and be between thirty to fifty percent more intense than the one in 2001. With the next one being hypothesized as so much more intense, I believe that it’s time we have a backup plan to accommodate a life without technology. A lot of people believe that we are not too dependent on technology. I spoke to my brother; he stated we just utilize it like we would automobiles or anything else like that. There is no denying the benefits of technology, however, I believe we should not get ahead of ourselves. Over the last fifty years our civilization has changed dramatically. Communication with friends and family has become as easy as the click of the mouse. Also we have saved countless trees by using electronic mail instead of paper mail. I agree that it is in our best interest to continue to use technology in the future. However, I feel that we all should get into the mindset of having a contingency plan in case we lose it. It is hard to go anywhere now days without interacting with a computer. A lot of jobs now require that you fill out applications on the internet. It has also become crucial that you have basic computer skills to be employed in any office setting. In 1994 only 3% of public schools had internet access. In just over ten years in 2005 that number had jumped to 94% of all public schools now having internet access. (US Department of Education) This just goes to show how fast technology is really growing. I feel that we are way to acceptant of something new and need to realize the repercussions before jumping right in. So many people rely on technology in their everyday lives. It could be from using your cell phone for an alarm clock, to setting a flight plan for a commercial flight. If we were to lose all of this, I believe that we would all be left in discontent. I believe that now is the time to slow down a little bit and gain a view of where we are heading. The way that I see it technology is going to continue to grow at a rapid pace. Everybody always wants the next coolest or fastest thing on the market. If you stop to realize how much our lives have changed in the last fifteen years. You can only imagine what our daily activities will be like another fifteen years from now. I believe the one thing that will remain the same in that fifteen years will be our dependence on technology. That is unless we do realize that we need to keep our advancements in check. I believe that a new potentially life changing technology should be closely analyzed before being released to the general public. If we don’t fully realize the potential effects of a new technology, we could be faced with unexpected consequences. Although I welcome change and enjoy using new devices myself, I feel that I too would be lost if I were to lose it all. For that very reason I think that we as a civilization need to realize the potential effects if it were all gone. Are We Too Dependent on Technology Imagine if we were to wake up tomorrow with all electronic devices disabled. Everybody’s life would be impacted in one way or another. We would lose what has become the largest portal for communication. We would also lose countless information that has been stored on computers. There is no denying that technology is going to continue to grow; and impact every aspect of our lives. But the question is if we are becoming too reliant on something that can quickly disappear. We very well could be at risk of losing it all very soon. I will discuss what could cause this change to happen. I will also go over how I believe our dependence on technology is growing. Earth’s magnetic field protects us from most of the suns radiation and other harmful effects. However, the sun is a very powerful force that can cause sudden intense outbursts of energy that are called solar flares. If a very powerful solar flare where to strike Earth it could cause serious effects to our power grid. If we have no power grid, we have lost all of our electronic devices that we count on so much. Solar flares usually impact us the most on an eleven year cycle. The most recent time solar activity peaked was in 2001, and caused widespread radio blackouts in the pacific. The newest cycle of solar activity had begun in late 2007, a year earlier than expected. Scientists say it will peak in 2012 and be between thirty to fifty percent more intense than the one in 2001. With the next one being hypothesized as so much more intense, I believe that it’s time we have a backup plan to accommodate a life without technology. A lot of people believe that we are not too dependent on technology. I spoke to my brother; he stated we just utilize it like we would automobiles or anything else like that. There is no denying the benefits of technology, however, I believe we should not get ahead of ourselves. Over the last fifty years our civilization has changed dramatically. Communication with friends and family has become as easy as the click of the mouse. Also we have saved countless trees by using electronic mail instead of paper mail. I agree that it is in our best interest to continue to use technology in the future. However, I feel that we all should get into the mindset of having a contingency plan in case we lose it. It is hard to go anywhere now days without interacting with a computer. A lot of jobs now require that you fill out applications on the internet. It has also become crucial that you have basic computer skills to be employed in any office setting. In 1994 only 3% of public schools had internet access. In just over ten years in 2005 that number had jumped to 94% of all public schools now having internet access. (US Department of Education) This just goes to show how fast technology is really growing. I feel that we are way to acceptant of something new and need to realize the repercussions before jumping right in. So many people rely on technology in their everyday lives. It could be from using your cell phone for an alarm clock, to setting a flight plan for a commercial flight. If we were to lose all of this, I believe that we would all be left in discontent. I believe that now is the time to slow down a little bit and gain a view of where we are heading. The way that I see it technology is going to continue to grow at a rapid pace. Everybody always wants the next coolest or fastest thing on the market. If you stop to realize how much our lives have changed in the last fifteen years. You can only imagine what our daily activities will be like another fifteen years from now. I believe the one thing that will remain the same in that fifteen years will be our dependence on technology. That is unless we do realize that we need to keep our advancements in check. I believe that a new potentially life changing technology should be closely analyzed before being released to the general public. If we don’t fully realize the potential effects of a new technology, we could be faced with unexpected consequences. Although I welcome change and enjoy using new devices myself, I feel that I too would be lost if I were to lose it all. For that very reason I think that we as a civilization need to realize the potential effects if it were all gone.

What do childrens experiences of race tell us about the social Essay

What do childrens experiences of race tell us about the social psychology of racism Discuss with reference to empirical research on race and multiculture - Essay Example Through the process of identifying certain biological human characteristics, the population of the world started being classified into separate groups. Miles refers to this process as racialisation and defines it as one which characterizes meanings â€Å"to particular biological features of human beings, as a result of which individuals may be assigned to or categorized into a general collectivity of persons reproducing itself biologically† (Miles, 1989). Research on children’s racialised thinking conventionally used numerous theoretical and interpretive paradigms that intended to explain the development of racial attitudes. Some of these models connected children’s racist beliefs to personality troubles and gave details of the appearance of prejudiced attitudes in relation to rigid cognition credited to strict parenting style (Adorno, 1950). Some recent researches put forward that children play a dynamic role in their own learning and expand knowledge through social interaction. Furthermore, children also have a certain amount of ability that permits them to understand process and express their needs and knowledge (Connolly, 1996). Thus children are not merely seen as submissive receivers of racist beliefs, but as vigorous agents who struggle to deal with conflicting information they obtain in relation to the racial ‘other’ so as to make sense of the social world around them. Because of this, they do not just imitate racist viewpoints to which they are exposed, but actively strive with their contingent and often opposing nature, while trying to make sense of their social world (Connolly, 1998b). Children establish their racialised notions of diversity and social relations within the specific framework of their daily experiences and that these experiences are socially planned, determined by social events that expand

University education should be free Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

University education should be free - Essay Example University education should be free because it is; the fundamental right of every citizen, a motivator for seeking higher education, and morally justified. University education should be free because higher education is the fundamental right of every citizen. In a society where an individual’s future is jeopardized if he/she drops out of school earlier, university education becomes a necessity rather than an option. Despite the growing economy, there are hundreds of applicants for every job advertised. University education makes the applicants stand out whereas other resumes are dropped without even being considered. Providing free university education also maximizes the ability of the people to get employed in foreign countries easily and send money to their home-country in remittance. Remittance improves economy and is essential for the well-being of the society. Free university education motivates people to get educated to their maximum potential. Many people drop out of colleges because they cannot afford further education. Even some of the most intelligent, hardworking, and capable students are left with no choice but to abort further education because of their lack of ability to afford it. Many students even end up choosing the careers contrary to their natural aptitude because the field they want to get education in is simply too expensive for them to afford. They have to deal with the consequences of choosing the wrong career throughout their lives. If university education is made free, the financial factor will be eliminated from the equation and people will make informed decisions about their careers considering their capabilities and desires. Costly university education is not justified from an ethical point of view. Ideally, the very person enjoying a facility should be the one paying for it. But in the present times, parents have to bear the financial burden of their children’s schooling. Parents have been spending

Sam 445 assign 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sam 445 assign 4 - Assignment Example Since a minor league baseball team does not incur in revenues from advertising or ticket sales like a Major League Baseball team does, its survival is financially dependent on community and business donations, team fundraisers, and sales from the food concession stand in order to cover all the budgeted expenses for the year. The sales of the food concession stand also help supplement and maintain a general expense fund to cover travel expenses and any unexpected team or organizational financial contingencies and expenses. As the concessions manager it is his responsibility to maintain detailed financial receipts and organizational records in order to be able to calculate overall fixed costs and unit costs. Additionally in order for management to estimate the yearly total expenses the concessions manager provides the team general manager with estimated yearly concession food stand budgets and food costs budget in order to complete the yearly team budget. For this year the minor baseball league schedule calls for a 70 game season, plus training and team practice sessions. Cost-Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is one of the most powerful tools available to managers of all organizations big or small. The CVP process helps managers and internal stakeholders to understand how overall volume, costs and profits are all interrelated and analyzes the behavior of the following five elements (Garrison & Noreen, 2003): There are certain steps the concessions manager together with other managing team members must perform in order to utilize CVP effectively and be able to estimate total revenues and total surplus profits. The first step is to estimate the average number of individuals that will attend the team regular season games, practice sessions as well as estimating how attendance will increase if the team qualifies for the playoffs. The second step is to estimate based on

Post-conviction remedies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Post-conviction remedies - Essay Example common post conviction appeals include: appeal to State appellate Court which contends that trial judge made some legal error, State Supreme Court appeal that requests that highest court in the state review and overturn the decision of the mid-level appeals court, U.S. Supreme Court appeal that makes a request to the highest court in the nation to intervene and correct an error on the part of the state courts that violated the U.S. Constitution, appeal of Federal Habeas Corpus Petition to Circuit Court which requests the mid-level federal court to review the federal trial courts decision denying the writ and lastly, appeal of Federal Habeas Corpus Petition to U.S. Supreme Court which requests the premier court in the land to examine the mid-level federal courts verdict denying the writ. On the other hand, Post conviction remedies include a variety of liberation sought by a convicted criminal to have his or her sentence vacated, set aside, or corrected because such a sentence was base d upon some defiance of the U.S. Constitution. Among the most common post-conviction remedies available are the writ of Habeas Corpus and the writ of Coram Nobis. However, Writ of Habeas Corpus is the mostly used. It involves issuing of a court order that orders a person or a government official who has prevented another to produce the prisoner at a designated time and place so that the court can determine the authenticity of charge and decide whether to demand the prisoners discharge. Development of writ of habeas corpus can be traced back in 1215 whereby the habeas corpus concept was first expressed in the Magna Charta at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. Among the liberties affirmed in the Magna Charta was that "No free man shall be detained, or jailed, or diseased, or forbidden, or exiled, or wounded in any way (Neubauer, 2004). The writ of habeas corpus was initially used by the common-law courts in thirteenth and fourteenth century in England. From the late fifteenth to the

What It Means To Be An Effective Digital Citizen Assignment

What It Means To Be An Effective Digital Citizen - Assignment Example Such an invention will be used till a better alternative is found. One of the best things that have ever been discovered by man apart from fire is electricity and the computer. The potential and use of these discoveries are wide, diverse and can never be overestimated. However, like any other invention it has the capability of harming humanity and the natural order of things. Digital is the general word to describe computers and their various applications. Digitalization has led to the discovery and boom of a number of devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, laptops, desktops, microchips and other numerous gadgets in the digital world. However, just like any other invention, the digital inventions can be used for various mean and malicious purposes. The Term digital citizenship is used to refer to the various means that digital technology can be made available to everyone (Nine Elements, 2015). This is because making it available to everyone will enhance the efficiency in which humanity communicates information, and manipulate information. It is important to be efficient in matters of information and data since information is power. To some of the scholars, gaining equal digital rights and pushing for the access of digital technology is good of Digital Citizenship. It is bound to be difficult to progress as a society if some part of the society is denied digital technology. Commerce in the digital world; consumers in the digital world need to be aware that business is one of the diverse application of the digital technology. Legal and legitimate tradeoffs occur online by use of digital gadgets. However the users in the digital world need to be aware of the issues that are associated with digital commerce. At the same digital commerse, there is exchange of goods and services and money that are against the morals and virtues of some nations. The

Week One Individual Assignment Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario Essay

Week One Individual Assignment Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario - Essay Example This paper discuses budgets, ethical considerations, and other relevant information Guillermo must consider. The current budget for Guillermo Furniture Store has some serious flaws due to an imbalance between income and expenses. In the business world in order for a company to succeed in the long run its income or revenues must exceed its expenses. Guillermo has options available to him, but many of these options require radical change for Guillermo. Two options are to acquire a competitor or to merge with another company. The acquisition of a new firm has to be analyzed based on the budget of the company. The buyer has to have enough capital available to make the purchase. Merging with another competitor can help reduce overhead costs. A potential downside of merging is inefficiencies associated with organizational culture conflicts. The employees from the different business entities have different ways of doing business. Guillermo does not like the time commitments and loss of independence associated with these two options. Budgets are useful accounting tools that can help managers make important decisions. Businesses that do not use budgets can fall victims of misspending and cash shortages. Operating budgets are typically created to forecast the income and expenses of companies for the next year. When managers are dealing with strategic decisions in the long term they use budgets for longer periods of time. Techniques such as time series and regression models can be useful for forecasting purposes. The use of budgets can help managers determine how to implement process improvements to reduce cost. A budget can help a manager determine when the income of a company is insufficient to cover its expenses and make a profit. A budget can also be used by managers to determine when to buy equipment and machinery. If a company makes an above normal profit during a month it can invest more money on equipment. In

What It Means To Be An Effective Digital Citizen Assignment

What It Means To Be An Effective Digital Citizen - Assignment Example Such an invention will be used till a better alternative is found. One of the best things that have ever been discovered by man apart from fire is electricity and the computer. The potential and use of these discoveries are wide, diverse and can never be overestimated. However, like any other invention it has the capability of harming humanity and the natural order of things. Digital is the general word to describe computers and their various applications. Digitalization has led to the discovery and boom of a number of devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, laptops, desktops, microchips and other numerous gadgets in the digital world. However, just like any other invention, the digital inventions can be used for various mean and malicious purposes. The Term digital citizenship is used to refer to the various means that digital technology can be made available to everyone (Nine Elements, 2015). This is because making it available to everyone will enhance the efficiency in which humanity communicates information, and manipulate information. It is important to be efficient in matters of information and data since information is power. To some of the scholars, gaining equal digital rights and pushing for the access of digital technology is good of Digital Citizenship. It is bound to be difficult to progress as a society if some part of the society is denied digital technology. Commerce in the digital world; consumers in the digital world need to be aware that business is one of the diverse application of the digital technology. Legal and legitimate tradeoffs occur online by use of digital gadgets. However the users in the digital world need to be aware of the issues that are associated with digital commerce. At the same digital commerse, there is exchange of goods and services and money that are against the morals and virtues of some nations. The

Scholarship Letter To Students Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Letter To Students Essay The Association of University of Puerto Rico Alumni and Friends Abroad (UPRAA) invites you to apply for the UPRAA Scholarship and congratulates you for your efforts in pursuing your studies. The UPRAA Scholarship Fund will award Hispanic students who have demonstrated academic merit, commitment to public service, and financia1 need up to a maximum of $1,000 per academic year to help cover tuition cost for graduate or undergraduate studies. Please visit our website at www. upraa. org to download the application form, eligibility  requirements and important dates related to our Scholarships program. See more: how to start a scholarship essay To ensure your application receives full consideration, read the information included in the scholarship package carefully, follow the application instructions and include ALL required documents including original signature for applicable documents by the due date on Wednesday, April 15,2015. UPRAA is an organization created to establish a network of University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Alumni in the Continental U. S. and abroad, develop and conduct programs and initiatives  for the benefit of the UPR alumni, and support the educational goals of the UPR system. The Association will serve as a link between UPR alumni abroad and the UPR system and work towards promoting opportunities and creating a support network for the alumni. Thank you for your interest and good luck!! Alida Rodriguez Chairperson, UPRAA Scholarship Committee 2015 UPRAA Association of the University of Puerto Rico Alumni and Friends Abroad P. O. Box 2600 Merrifield, VA 221 16-2600 Website: www. uDraa. org.

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique This Research will critically discuss the problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction with regard to Internal Crimes by National courts The bases upon which Jurisdiction can be assumed under International Law are: 1. Territorial Principle 2. Protective or Security Principle 3. Nationality Principle 4. Passive Personality Principle 5. Universality Principle. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION Unlike the territorial principle where jurisdiction is assumed based on the place where the crime is committed, the protective principle which permits jurisdiction to be assumed when the interest of the state is threatened, Nationality principle which looks to the nationality of the offender and the passive personality principle which looks to the nationality of the victim of the crime, Universal jurisdiction looks solely to the crime and jurisdiction is assumed on this basis. King-Irani stated that Universal jurisdiction is based on customary law as well as an international consensus, that some crimes are so heinous that they threaten the entire human race.[1] Perpetrators of such crimes are considered to be enemies of all mankind and in that lies the right and authority of all states to prosecute perpetrators of such crimes. This really is the foundation of the Universal Jurisdiction principle. The International Council on Human Rights Policy in its booklet on Universal Jurisdiction explained Universal Jurisdiction to mean a system of international justice that gives the courts of any country jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, regardless of where or when the crime was committed, and the nationality of the victims or perpetrators. It allows the prosecution of certain crimes before the courts of any country even if the accused, the victim, or the crime, has no link to that country.[2] Universal Jurisdiction is usually invoked over International Crimes. Problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction frustrate prosecution of international crimes on the basis of Universal jurisdiction; they threaten the continued prosecution of international crimes by states and can undermine the effective administration of justice at the international level. Some of these problems are: UNCERTAINTY AS TO THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISIDCTION Uncertainty of the scope of Universal Jurisdiction takes different forms; uncertainty as to its true meaning, mode of its application and the crimes over which it applies are issues that have made the scope of Universal Jurisdiction uncertain. Luc Reydams in a paper written for the European Parliaments Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) stated that Most..agree that Universal Jurisdiction exists but everyone has a different understanding of what it means[3] Reydams further states that the problem with Universal Jurisdiction starts with its definition; its definition is too broad, and it leaves so much undefined thus failing to satisfy the legal requirement of certainty. There is no consensus on the offences in respect of which Universal Jurisdiction can be exercised and there also exists differing views on the true meaning of Universal Jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction arose in the context of piracy, and it remains the most longstanding and uncontroversial Universal Jurisdiction crime.[4] David Stewart in identifying one of the challenges of Universal Jurisdiction stated that Difficulty lies in knowing exactly which crimes qualify for unilateral prosecution by any and all states. Even if one accepts that, as a matter of international law, jurisdiction must be limited to crimes of universal concern, there is no means for determining exactly which offenses fall into that category.[5] The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction states the fundamentals of Universal Jurisdiction as its first principle; under this it states that Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted with reference to the crime only; such crimes should be serious crimes.ÂÂ   In its second principle, it states that the serious crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted are piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity genocide and torture. The Princeton principles further states that the exercise of jurisdiction in respect to the above listed crimes is without prejudice to other International Crimes under International Law. This raises a fundamental question; what are the parameters for determining the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted? It is generally agreed that while Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted over International crimes, it is not every International crime that can be subject to Universal Jurisdiction? Dr. Oner states that some International crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction as a matter of Customary International Law and some others as a result of treaty.[6] He opines that those are the two ways of ascertaining what crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction.[7] He traces the history of how different crimes came to be recognised as International crimes over which Universal jurisdiction could be asserted, his work would be relied on in tracing the history of those crimes. Piracy is the oldest recognised crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed, the basis of asserting Universal Jurisdiction over this crime lies in the fact that it is committed in a place which cannot be categorised as the territory of any state; the High Seas. It was an offence that affected every state; hence all states had the authority to combat it. This is the only crime over which it is generally accepted that Universal Jurisdiction can be asserted over. Jurisdiction over this crime arose under customary law and it was later recognised by treaties. Jurisdiction was later extended to Hijacking by virtue of Article 4 of 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea. After the Second World War and the application of Universal Jurisdiction to the prosecution of War crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, they gained acceptance as International Crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction could be asserted both under Customary International Law and treaties which created an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite.[8] With time more Conventions on certain other offences also placed an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite persons who have committed certain crimes; Universal Jurisdiction was therefore extended to certain other offences such as Torture.[9] Another arm of this problem is national legislation of states on Universal Jurisdiction. The scope of such legislation determines the extent of Jurisdiction that can be assumed over International Crimes, and crimes over which Universal jurisdiction may be asserted. Some states have expanded the scope of crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be assumed under their laws, some others have tried to maintain the scope asÂÂ   has been ascertained by them Under International Law, while some others have conferred jurisdiction on their national courts in a very limited manner. States have delimited the scope of Universal Jurisdiction in their respective jurisdictions by their respective laws. Mark Ellis stated that As much of the international community promotes universal jurisdiction, state practice is limiting the scope and use of it. AND this is being done without much notice. [10] Ellis further opined that The propensity of states retaining a more expansive view of jurisdictional reach is ending. The discernible trend is moving towards a more restrictive interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction.[11] The absence of uniformity in the legislation of states conferring jurisdiction on their respective courts to assert Universal Jurisdiction poses a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction because the exercise of jurisdiction by one state may be opposed by another, especially when its nationals are involved. One factor which is closely related to the uncertain scope of Universal Jurisdiction is uncertainty as to the factors which must exist before a state can assume jurisdiction. One of such factors is whether the Accused or the person over whom jurisdiction is sought to be asserted is within the territory of the prosecuting state; this is referred to as Jurisdiction in Absentia. Zemach in defining Jurisdiction in Absentia adopted the definition of Colangelo thus: Universal jurisdiction in absentia can be roughly defined as the conducting of an investigation, the issuing of an arrest warrant, and/or the bringing of criminal charges based on the principle of universal jurisdiction when the defendant is not present in the territory of the acting state. This definition does not include adjudication of the case.[12] Many states are reluctant to assert Jurisdiction unless the accused is within their territory. This is consistent with the extradite or prosecute obligation imposed on states by quite a number of Conventions which permit the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction; the obligation to prosecute or extradite only arises when the offender is within the territory of the state. It could therefore be argued that the implication of this is that the Conventions which place an obligation on states to prosecute or extradite do not envisage the exercise of Jurisdiction in absentia. This problem is further compounded by the absence of consensus on whether Jurisdiction in absentia is permitted under International Law.ÂÂ   Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal observed, in their Joint Separate Opinion as follows: is it a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction that the accused be within the territory?ÂÂ   Considerable confusion surrounds this topic, not helped by the fact that legislators, courts and writers alike frequently fail to specify the precise temporal moment at which any such requirement is said to be in play. Is the presence of the accused within the jurisdiction said to be required at the time the offence was committed? At the time the arrest warrant is issued? Or at the time of the trial itself? .. This incoherent practice cannot be said to evidence a precondition to any exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction. [13] Rabinovitch, echoes the position of proponents of Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia when he stated that State practice in recent years has increasingly supported the view that States may exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia if they so desire,[14] provided there are safeguards to prevent an abuse of the accused rights. Judge Ranjeva in his Declaration held a contrary view; he stated that developments in International Law did not result in the recognition of Jurisdiction in absentia.[15] All of these uncertainties surrounding the principle and practice of Universal Jurisdiction pose a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES One major problem which affects the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction is the perceived and actual breach of the sovereignty of a state. I use the word perceived to mean this; most times the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by a state may be looked upon by the state whose national or official is tried as an affront or threat to its sovereignty. This might not necessarily be the case. While in a case of actual breach of a nations sovereignty, it is the case that exercise of jurisdiction may actually amount to a breach of a nations sovereignty. The Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Belgium[16] popularly known as the Arrest Warrant case illustrates this. In this case, Belgium issued an International Arrest warrant on 11 April 2000, for the arrest of Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. The Democratic Republic of Congo was highly displeased with the issue of the warrant for the arrest of its minister, and accordingly instituted an action at the International Court of Justice praying the court that Belgium recalls and cancels the Arrest warrant. Belgium had issued the warrant on the grounds that Mr. Yerodia had breached the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and protocols I and II; such breach Belgium claimed was punishable under its laws. Congo prayed the International Criminal Court to order Belgium to cancel the warrant on the ground (amongst other grounds) that [t]he universal jurisdiction that the Belgian State attributes to itself under Article 7 of the Law in question constituted a [v]iolation o f the principle that a State may not exercise its authority on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign equality among all Members of the United Nations[17]. In essence, Congos contention was that Belgiums exercise of Its Universal Jurisdiction amounted to a violation of its sovereignty. The Court found that the issue of the Warrant of Arrest for Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs amounted to a breach of Congos Sovereignty. Kontorovich has stated that the New Universal Jurisdiction[18] is perhaps the most controversial development in contemporary international law, precisely because it encroaches on or qualifies nations jurisdictional sovereignty[19] whileÂÂ   Kings-Irani opines that Universal jurisdiction casesusually raise troubling questions about state sovereignty. Hawkins opines that when states established universal jurisdiction, they created a decentralized mechanism for the erosion of sovereignty[20] It is not likely that the constant clash between the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction and the violation or the alleged violation of the sovereignty of a state would come to an end in the nearest future. This is attributable to the political element in the definition of the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed; that is the fact that most crimes against humanity and war crimes are most times not committed independent of the state and its agencies, rather they are sometimes committed by state officials with the aid of state agencies. The principle of Universal Jurisdiction has no inherent principles which can tackle the clash between assumption of jurisdiction on this basis and the sovereignty of a state. CLASH BETWEEN THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITY It is a principle of Customary International Law that State officials are immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts in certain instances.[21] The immunity enjoyed could be as a result of the position occupied; this is Immunity ratione personae or it could be enjoyed as a result of the official acts carried out in furtherance of the office occupied; this is immunity ratione materiae.[22] The challenge that the issue of sovereign immunity poses is a multi-faceted one. This challenge raises quite a number of questions. What exactly is the law on the immunity of sovereigns of states, both current and past and what is the extent of the immunity in relation to the acts of the sovereign? What acts of the sovereign are covered by immunity? This difficulty arises primarily because the position of International law on the immunity of Sovereigns of States or Heads of States remains unclear.[23] Indeed the authors of the article The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet[24] borrowed the words of other authors to describe the position of International Law on the immunity of Heads of States as lacking coherence[25], problematic and ambiguous[26] and in Re Doe[27] the United States Court of Appeal described it as been in an amorphous and Undeveloped state. This issue came up for consideration In the Arrest Warrant Case[28]; Congos contention was that ÂÂ  the non-recognition, on the basis of Article 5 of the Belgian Law, of the immunity of a Minister for Foreign Affairs in office constituted a [v]iolation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations[29] The court came to the decision that a Minister of Foreign Affairs enjoyed Immunity which was inviolable for as long he remained in office. I will reproduce a portion of the Courts decision as this sheds some light on the position of International Law on the Immunity of Sovereigns; The Court has carefully examined State practice, including national legislation and those few decisions of national higher courts such as the House of Lords or the French Court of Cassation. It has been unable to deduce from this practice that there exists under Customary International law any form of exception to the rule according immunity from criminal Jurisdiction and inviolability to incumbent Ministers for Foreign Affairs, where they are suspected of havingÂÂ   committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. Jurisdictional immunity may well bar prosecution for a certain period or for certain offences; it cannot exonerate the person to whom it applies from all criminal responsibility[30] What this translates to is the fact that there may be times when a National Court could have jurisdiction to try a person subject to immunity, however, it might be impossible to exercise jurisdiction because of the immunity that such a person enjoys; the risk in this is that it could lead to impunity, even though this is a situation the Law seems to want to avoid or it could just lead to a situation of delayed justice. In senator Pinochets case,[31] the House of Lords held that Pinochet, a former Head of State of Chile was not entitled to immunity for torture, as torture was not an official act carried out in furtherance of his official duties. The position of International Law on the Immunity of High level officials of states remains uncertain, and there is no uniformity in state practice in recent years which can help in ascertaining the position of International law in this regard. In November 2007, France dismissed a complaint filed against Former secretary of Defence of the United States and the reason for the dismissal wasÂÂ   given by the prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin, he stated in an open letter that according to rules of customary international law established by the International Court of Justice, immunity from criminal jurisdiction for Heads of State and Government and Ministers of Foreign Affairs continues to apply after termination of their functions, for acts carried out during their time of office and hence, as former Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld, by extension should benefit from this same immunity for acts carried out in the exercise of his functions.[32] There was an outcry against the position of France, particularly because the Prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin had some years earlier personally signed an order calling for General Pinochet to appear before the Paris Court of Appeal. Human Rights organisations felt he should have known better. The Human Rights Organisation also felt greatly disappointed that the dismissal of the complaint was largely due to the position taken by the French Foreign Ministry which is headed by Bernard Kouchner, a fellow who had distinguished himself in the fields of Human Rights. This goes to illustrate the inconsistency in state practices when it comes to the issue of exercising Universal Jurisdiction and the Immunity of State officials. Perhaps one logical explanation for this inconsistency might not be unrelated to the need to preserve good relations between states. THE ALLEGATION OF BIAS Selective approach in the prosecution of International Crimes on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction has posed a great challenge to the Universal Jurisdiction regime. The outcry against the selective approach of some states in the prosecution of crimes using Universal Jurisdiction has been loudest in Africa, where African leaders allege that they have been the primary target of Western Countries. This allegation of bias is not without any merit, neither is it entirely true. Ian Brownlie has been quoted by Zemach as stating that [p]olitical considerations, power, and patronage will continue to determine who is to be tried for international crimes and who not.[33] Dr. Oner captured an aspect of this problem aptly when he stated that: Universal jurisdiction gives powerful nations a means of politically influencing less powerful ones. Indeed, thus far, weak countries with little to no political leverage have not exercised universal jurisdiction over powerful people from powerful countries through their courts.[34] It is important that states have faith in the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by any state that chooses to prosecute using Universal Jurisdiction. There should be transparency and good faith when arriving at the decision to prosecute; and this should as clearly as possible be seen by all to be fair. POLITICAL PRESSURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IMPLICATIONS Nations usually want to maintain good relations with their allies; however, the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction could pose a threat to this. In order to maintain good relations with other states, a state may give in to political pressure which would in turn affect its exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. The case of Belgium and Spain illustrate this. Belgiums Universal Jurisdiction laws were so broad that anybody could be tried by Belgium courts without having any link at all to Belgium The American society of International Law Commenting on the Belgian law stated that: The Belgian law was widely recognized as the most far-reaching example of a state exercising universal jurisdiction. During the first decade of the laws existence, some thirty legal complaints were filed against a variety of government officials worldwide, including against Rwandans for genocide, General Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon[35] The United States uncomfortable with the possibility that its officials could be victims of Belgiums law threatened and coerced Belgium until Belgium finally amended its laws in August 2003, thus finally removing the Absoluteness from the Universal Jurisdiction law of Belgium. ÂÂ  U.S. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld stated authoritatively at the time: Belgium needs to realize that there are consequences to its actions. This law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium Certainly until this matter is resolved we will have to oppose any further spending for construction for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business.[36] The new Belgian Law now requires a link with Belgium for the Belgian courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction. All pending cases in Belgium against U.S Officials were dismissed in September 2003 because of Belgiums new law. When Belgium ruled that Israels Prime Minister Ariel Sharon could stand trial for War crimes under its Universal Jurisdiction laws, but only after he leaves office, Israeli public television quoted an unnamed official as calling the court decision scandalous and warning that it threatened to open a serious crisis between the two countries.[37] And Israel in protest was reported to have recalled its Ambassador to Belgium for consultation The case of Spain is quite similar to the Belgium experience. After Spain gave in to pressure from Israel, the United States and China, Spain amended its Universal Jurisdiction law; the new law now requires a link to Spain before Spanish Courts can assume jurisdiction.[38] Clearly political considerations and interactions between states pose a problem to the exercise of Universal jurisdiction. DIFFCULTY OF OBTAINING EVIDENCE AND WITNESSES Stewart is also of the opinion that In some measure, the lack of actual prosecutions based on universality must result from practical difficulties in obtaining evidence and witnesses regarding crimes committed in other countries.[39] Most International Crimes are usually prosecuted many years after the offences have been committed. The chances of gathering quality evidence with the passage of time reduces, when that is added to the long distance and legal difficulties that it might entail, it becomes even more difficult to obtain evidence. Language barrier could also further compound this problem. Where it is difficult or impossible to obtain evidence it might be difficult to proceed with prosecution on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COMPETING JURSIDCITION It is always the case most times, if not always that where jurisdiction is asserted on the basis of Universality, jurisdiction could also be asserted on other bases. Where more than one state decides to assert jurisdiction, whether on the basis of Universality or other principles, it might pose a problem, especially when extradition is requested by the competing states. To reduce the conflict that this situation may create, it is usually best that in the prosecution of International crimes, exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction should be the last resort, states with stronger connections to the crime should first be given opportunity to prosecute the crime, where they fail to or where they are unable to do so, then a state with no connection or a weaker connection can then prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COST One of the problems associated with the exercise of Universal jurisdiction is cost. A state expends its resources in prosecuting crimes, when the prosecution of crimes serves the states interests, there would be no problem with it but where it serves no practical purpose that is when the difficulty arises. The argument and view held in some quarters, that a nation that prosecutes a crime that does not threaten it in any way and which it has no interest in prosecuting stands to gain nothing from it, rather, it expends its resources and the benefits of prosecuting the crime is enjoyed by other states is one problem that militates against the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. Kontorovich stated that ÂÂ  A nation exercising Universal Jurisdiction expends scarce resources to punish crimes that have not injured it; thus it bears all the costs of enforcement while the benefits are enjoyed primarily by other nations. Rational choice models of state behaviour suggest that nations will generally not undertake such activities.[40] David Stewart also opined that Depending on the facts, prosecutors and ministries of justice may have little enthusiasm for devoting time, money, and resources to prosecutions having little enough to do with their own countries, citizens, and direct national interests.[41] Kontorovichs position is actually a true reflection of what is currently going on at the international scene, nations decline to prosecute or even investigate where their interests are not affected, and this runs contrary to the principle of Universal Jurisdiction. One of the underlying principles governing Universal Jurisdiction is that crimes such as torture, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are so serious that they harm not just a particular state but the international community and should therefore be prosecuted by all states.[42] Kontorovich opines more articulately that many of the crimes subject to the universality principle are so heinous in scope and degree that they offend the interest of all humanity, and any state may, as humanitys agent, punish the offender. . . [43] DOMESTIC LEGISLATION AND STATE POLICIES It is not sufficient that International Law establishes an obligation to prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. There must exist national legislation which authorises the courts of a state to assert jurisdiction, where this is absent, a court might not be able to assert Universal Jurisdiction. Senegal had to enact a law vesting jurisdiction in its courts before it could prosecute Hissene Habre, former Chad president. State practice is limiting the scope and use of Universal Jurisdiction. [44] Universal Jurisdiction can only be used to the extent that a states mun

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literary Analysis, Gilman

Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1892 gothic and horror short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† traces the mental decline of a woman while undergoing a â€Å"rest cure†. This captivating story illustrates the stifling plight of the protagonist in a patriarchal society. Her husband, John, a physician, has taken the narrator, a new mother, to a rented country home for the summer in order for her to recover from postpartum psychosis. He isolates her in an upstairs nursery, a room with barred windows, a nailed down bed, and odious yellow wallpaper, and forbids her to write, in accordance with the philosophy of the â€Å"rest cure†. Although the constraints placed on the protagonist proved to be repressive, it leads her to an intriguingly dangerous obsession with â€Å"the yellow wallpaper† that causes her to triumph over societal oppression and constraints within her marriage, giving her a heroic identity. The writer conveys all this through her ingenious usage of th e image of â€Å"the yellow wallpaper†, which functions as a part of the setting, an object correlation to the narrator’s physical and mental repression, and lastly as a symbol of her life. According to one critic â€Å"The subjection of women originated in prehistoric times when the males first monopolized all social activity and women were confined to motherhood and domestic duties† (Degler 178). During the nineteenth century these societal traditions were still imposed on women. Quawas confirms this statement when she states â€Å"In the nineteenth century, women, as agent of moral influence, [are] expected to maintain the domestic sphere as a cheerful, pure haven for their husbands to return to [home] each evening† (A New Woman’s Journey into Insanity). Because of these expectancies the protagonist is a power... ...lpaper† Gilman clearly illustrates by the use of symbols, imagery, characters to display how women were treated in a patriarchal society. The writer appears to have semi-melancholic mood throughout the story. Gilman clearly shows how the stifling plight of the narrator who was kept in isolation becomes defiant and gains a deeper understanding of her life and role in society. The woman in the wallpaper does not only represent the narrator’s own divided self but all women who are overly restrained and bound by a society that deem these women incapable of self-actualization. As a result of her preoccupation with the â€Å"the yellow wallpaper† she descends into madness, which ultimately enabled her to triumph over marital and societal constraints. Therefore the writer demonstrates that in order to gain liberty one suffers immensely before change is accomplished.

Drug Abuse Among Teens :: Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Introduction Drugs abuse is serious problem in the United States, especially among teenagers. According to National Drug Intelligence Center (2003) 7.5 million American adolescents aged 12 to 17 used drugs at least once during their lifetime. Teens start to experiment with drugs from a young age and do not think about drugs’ negative consequences. Butler (2010) claims that drug addiction will lead to problems at university or school and loss of alertness, which can cause to injury. Also it will affect mood, change system of values and lead to depression. As a result, teenagers who use drugs have a risk for suicide. Nowadays, they abuse both legal and illegal drugs. Also drug accessibility is one of the causes of adolescent abuse. The majority of teenagers aged 12-17 get it easily from friends or relatives. (Office of National Drug Control Policy 2007). Moreover there are other possible factors, such as pressure from friends, low self-appraisal, stress, relationships with parents. This essa y will look at drug abusing problem among teenagers in the United States and analyse in detail possible reasons and solutions for drug addiction. Background Teenagers abuse a variety of drugs. Any of them both legal and illegal can have immediate or long term health consequences. As reported by NIDA in 2003 year 40.2 percent of high school students had used marijuana. Majuana is the illegal narcotic. Youths who used it before 17-years-olds indicated smaller brain and they are smaller in height and weight than teens who used marijuana after age 17. In addition, marijuana adversely affect on memory, distorts the perception of sound, time, touch for short term. American teens use inhalant as well. Adolescent find it in spray paint, glue and shoe polish. TeenDrugAbuse.us states, that regular use of inhalants can result in heart disease, liver and kidney damages. Also the most common drugs among youth in United States are ecstasy, cocaine, crack, speed and heroin. Legal drugs such as prescribed medications and alcohol is popular today. Moreover, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy in 2005 year 2.1 million teenagers abus ed prescription drugs and these drugs are the most common among 12-13-years-olds. Also American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry claim that drug use is increased risk poor judgment which may lead to accidents, violence, suicide and unplanned, unsafe sex, which may cause HIV. Factors That Influence Teenagers to Drug Abuse Firstly, home and family are major factor.

Gothic stories Essay

Gothic is a word used in the twelfth century to denote certain types of architecture connected to the settings used by writers. Gothic fiction initiated as a genre in 1765 with Horace Walpole’s novel â€Å"Castle of Otranto.† The majority of Gothic writers would take drugs which inspired them to put pen to paper and write about numerous Gothic features and produce their story. Normally characters are associated with odd or ritualistic behaviour often involving the supernatural. The Gothic Golden Age occurred between 1765 and 1844. Boundaries and limits are both established and challenged by both writers and characters. Tensions between the scientific and the supernatural are often made apparent. Examples of these Gothic features can be found in The Signalman, The Hand and The Dream Woman. Traditionally Gothic stories are set in castles, churches, darkness or other locations with a sense of evil. Gothic stories are mainly set at night to add an extra illusion of fear. Should a Gothic story be read in a dark room extra fear, tension, anxiety and anticipation would be inflicted upon the reader. This is because when a gothic tale is read in the dark there is a sense of someone or something watching you. Readers’ expectations when reading a Gothic tale are to read about elements of the supernatural, skeletal or ghostly images and pathetic fallacy. In â€Å"The Signalman† Dickens writes â€Å"he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows.† This quotation consists of an example of a ghostly, corpse like image. Dickens is Describing a ghostly figure. â€Å"The Signalman† written by Charles Dickens is a perfect example of a gothic setting. The story has many examples of unusual events. Dickens writes â€Å"so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.† This quotation informs the reader that the sunset has a violent glow which is unusual for a sunset, the skyline is a deep blood red. â€Å"The Signalman† is set at the Signalman’s hut where the cutting through the tunnel by the hut is unusually deep and gives a sense of foreboding to the reader. The tunnel is made through clammy stone, which became oozier and wetter as you walked to the tunnel and made anybody petrified to enter it. â€Å"The Hand† written by Guy De Maupassant uses great examples of death, a main gothic feature. De Maupassant writes â€Å"I bent down close to the corpse and between his clenched teeth I found one of the fingers from that vanished hand.† This quotation informs the reader that a finger from the missing hand has been found, but in what mysterious circumstances. Also in â€Å"The Hand† the hand itself is described with much detail. The writer states â€Å"The fingers were abnormally long and were attached by enormous tendons to which fragments of skin adhered.† In this quotation the writer is describing the hand in such ghoulish detail the reader has an image of a gruesome hand projected onto their minds which they will find hard to forget. A feature of gothic tradition is the use of dark colours to emphasize the evilness of gothic characters and buildings. In the novel â€Å"The Dream Woman† the writer says â€Å"The flame diminished to a blue point and the room grew dark† The effect of this quotation on the reader is that it adds extra fear and suspense due to the darkness. A main aspect of gothic tradition is elements of the supernatural. In â€Å"The Hand† the writer states â€Å"I thought I saw the hand running like a spider.† This is an example of elements of the supernatural because a hand running like a spider is beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature and not something any human would have seen. In conclusion gothic tradition is a fascinating subject because the use of dark descriptive language is effective in giving the reader a terrifying experience. Short stories are effective because the action is condensed and it all happens in a short space of time. There is less background information; all the descriptive paragraphs are there to give atmosphere, the spooky dark events. Short sentences have greater impact than longer ones, particularly when exclamation marks complete them.

Case study on kerry group Essay

Introduction As part of my business management assignment I have been asked to investigate and evaluate the internal and external environment of an organization and the impact of change on an organization I intend on outlining the purpose, mission, vision , objectives and structure of this organization, explain the relevance of the type of structure. Do a pest and swot analysis and evaluate the impact of change on the organization , I will be completing this assignment with the aid of the website , Kerryfoodgroup.com the internet and my class notes. Aims The aims of this assignment are to ensue I cover the following aspects: Relevant information appropriately presented  Understanding and knowledge of chosen topic clearly demonstrated Present relevant data and statistics that support my work  Comprehensive evaluation of topic clearly demonstrated  Conclusions and recommendations bibliography Organisation types I am going to explore the following organisation types: Sole Trader Private limited Company Public limited Company Co-Operative Sole trader A sole trader is a type of business entity that allows one person to be solely responsible for the financial dealings of the business. The benefits and disadvantages of being a sole trader Advantages You are your own boss . Set your own working hours. Pick your rate of pay. Easy to set up. This form of business ownership has fewer regulations than other systems of ownership do. And another major benefit of operating as a sole trader is the ability to exert full control over the business Disadvantages Unlimited liability No sick pay. All pressure and responsibility is on you. No one o cover you if something happens Income tax 20-41% No one to share decision’s Suffer all losses Private Limited Company Private limited companies are viewed as corporations under the law and share several common characteristics with all corporations. However, private corporations are owned and operated by a small group of people. Because of their structure, private limited corporations operate under a set of limitations not imposed on public corporations. Advantages A private limited company is run by a small group, Many of them members of a single family, that wishes to limit the influence of outsiders on its company. Because private limited companies are run by a small group, they are usually not subject to takeovers and other challenges faced by public companies. The minmum required to set one upis 1 person and the max is 99. Disadvantages Profit Sharing Taxes Lack of privacy, information concerning the company is made public. Public limited company A company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange and can be bought and sold by anyone. Public companies are strictly regulated, and are required by law to publish their complete and true financial position so that investors can determine the true worth of its stock . Also called a plc Facebook is a reality formed plc . Advantages There is limited liability for the shareholders. The business has separate legal entity. There is continuity even if any of the shareholders die. These businesses can raise large capital sum as there is no limit to the number of shareholders. The shares of the business are freely transferable providing more liquidity to its shareholders . Disadvantages There are lot of legal bits and pieces required for forming a public limited company. It is costly and time consuming. In order to protect the interest of the ordinary investor there are strict controls and regulations to comply. These companies have to publish their accounts. The original owners may lose control. Public Limited companies are huge in size and may face management problems such as slow decision making and industrial relations problems. Co-Operative  A co-operative is a group of people acting together to meet the common needs and aspirations of its members e.g the Credit union, sharing ownership and making decisions democratically. Co-operatives are not about making big profits for shareholders, but creating value for customers this is what gives co operatives a unique character, and influences our values and principles. Advantages It is usually inexpensive to register a cooperative. All members and shareholders must be active in the cooperative. Shareholders have an equal vote at general meetings regardless of their shareholding or involvement in the cooperative. Members, other than directors, can be under  18, though these members cannot stand for office and do not have the right to vote. Shareholders, directors, managers and employees have no responsibility for debts of the cooperative unless those debts are caused recklessly, negligently or fraudulently. A cooperative is owned and controlled by its members, rather than its investors. Disadvantages There must be a minimum of five members. There is a usually a limited distribution of surplus (profits) to members/shareholders and some cooperatives may prohibit the distribution of any surplus to members/shareholders. Even though some shareholders may have a greater involvement or investment than others, they still only get one vote. Active and direct involvement of members/shareholders in the cooperative. These bullet points and definitions where all found in my class notes and I also used www.cro.ie Kerry Foods Group The company I am going to focus on will be Kerry foods group the history of the organisation traces the evolution and growth of Kerry Group from its modest beginnings in the south west of Ireland some 30 years ago into a successful, publicly traded, multinational corporation and leading player in the global food industry. Having commenced operation from a green field site in Listowel, Co. Kerry in 1972, the Kerry organisation has realised sustained profitable growth with current annualised sales of approximately â‚ ¬5.8 billion, Kerry Group today is a world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets. Kerry has grown to become one of the largest and most technologically advanced manufacturers of ingredients and flavours in the world. Spanning all major food categories, Kerry’s core technologies and global resources in culinary, dairy, lipid, meat, cereal, sweet and beverage systems and flavours provide innovative, practical product solutions to food manufacturers and food service companies. Purpose Kerry Foods operates in Ireland and the UK. they market there own brands across a wide range of categories and supply supermarket private labels in selected areas. they also have become one of the leading chilled foods companies in the geography through: A strong portfolio of brands, in which they continue to invest and grow Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland Mission statement Kerry Group will be: – the world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and – a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets Through the skills and wholehearted commitment of ther employees, we will be leaders in our selected markets – excelling in product quality, technical and marketing creativity and service to our customers We are committed to the highest standards of business and ethical behavior, to fulfilling our responsibilities to the communities which we serve and to the creation of long-term value for all stakeholders on a socially and environmentally sustainable basis. Vision Group Goals & Long Term Targets †¢ Group revenue: +2% to +4% (LFL) volume growth †¢ Margin: 10% Group margin in 5 years †¢ Adjusted EPS* 10%+ †¢ ROAE* 15%+ and CFROI 12%+ Objectives Kerry’s Sustainability Programme represents a journey of continuous improvement – an ongoing process and strategy to secure sustainable growth. Sustainability is at the heart of our business strategy and enshrined in our corporate mission statement.As a world leader in ingredients & flavors and as a major consumer foods organization in Europe, Kerry aims to conduct its business in a responsible and sustainable manner. This demands a holistic approach to Group activities involving close liaison with our customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities, employees and other relevant stakeholders.Our Kerry Group Sustainability Council appraises, directs and provides leadership in promoting industry best practice sustainability program throughout the Group. Its membership includes Directors of Group functions with responsibility for all pillars of Kerry’s Sustainability Programme. Structure of the organization Business structure The Group is divided into several divisions: â€Å"Kerry Ingredients & Flavours† is the largest division producing over 15,000 ingredients, flavours and integrated solutions from more than 125 manufacturing sites worldwide. It claims to have become the largest and most technologically advanced provider of technology-based ingredients, flavours and integrated systems. â€Å"Kerry Foods† supplies added-value branded and customer branded food products to supermarket chains, convenience stores and independent retailers across the UK and Ireland. It has 15 manufacturing facilities all in Ireland and the UK. Products include sausage, sliced bacon, sliced meats, pastry products, ready meals, ready-to-cook products, savoury snacks, cheese, cheese snacks, dairy spreads, low-fat spreads, UHT products, home-baking products, salads, sandwiches and fruit juices. Consumer branded products include – in Ireland: Denny, Galtee, LowLow, Dairygold, Cheestrings, Charleville Cheese, Shaws, Coleraine, Golden Cow, EasiSingles, Dawn, Roscrea, Kerrymaid, Golden Olive, Mitchelstown, Calvita, Ballyfree, Move over Butter and Freshways – in the UK: Richmond, Wall’s,  Mattessons, LowLow, Cheestrings, Pure, Mr. Brain’s, Porkinsons, Bowyers, Lawsons, Green’s and Homepride. â€Å"Kerry Agribusiness† is headquartered in Charleville, Co. Cork, and works with the Group’s 4,000 milk suppliers in Ireland, to produce milk and related dairy products. Why have structures? Because it allows each sector to oranise itself. All businesses have to know what to do A clear structure makes it easier to understand the organisations objectives Organization chart What is a organisation chart? Companies use the organizational chart to pictorially depict their prevailing hierarchies, work flow and authority-responsibility diagrams. Small companies use flat organizational charts and large companies use tall organizational charts. Function The main purpose in drawing an organizational chart is to visually represent employee structures of the organization. One glance at the chart tells the viewer of all reporting to a particular employee and to whom he is answerable for work-related matters. Features A tall organizational chart is one that is shaped like a pyramid. There are several layers and tiers of employees. This structure is narrow and the top and broad at the bottom. A flat organizational chart is wide and expansive all throughout. More often than not, the employees report directly to the top management. This is pictorially depicted by a flat organizational chart. Considerations The type of organizational chart that the company draws must be based on the type of trade it is into. It is not practical and feasible for large  companies to have a flat organizational structure and chart. Large companies tend to centralize authority and departmentalize their strategic functions. Likewise, when small companies use the tall organizational structure and chart, they have to deal with greater bureaucracy and middlemen’s salaries. Is Kerry food group a flat or tall organisation? Swot Analysis of Kerry Group Kerry Group, Plc. Category Food Processing Sector Food and Beverages Tagline/ Slogan Brands that deliver USP Its worldwide facilities and unrivalled technical support network guarantees that its highly acclaimed ingredient systems and technologies are available to food processor or foodservice companies in all markets. STP Segment Business segments: Ingredients incorporating Culinary, Flavours and Bio-Science, Consumer Foods, Agribusiness and Dairies Target Group Agribusiness: Food sector, Animal feed sector, Drinks sector Consumer Foods & Dairies Consumers of branded & private labeled food products Positioning Committed to evolving food and developing brands that deliver, time and time again SWOT Analysis Strength 1. Established global processing and technical network with an ingredients portfolio extending to some nine thousand products to food processor and foodservice markets in over 120 different countries 2. Core technological strengths in savory ingredients, sweet ingredients, food coating systems, nutritional systems and specialty protein applications 3. An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland 4. Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business 5. One of the leading consumer brands in Ireland and Europe Weakness 1.Input cost volatility due to raw material pricing being impacted by adverse crop production conditions 2. Limited market share and Pressure from competitive markets 3.Ingredients and Flavours market is highly fragmented Opportunity 1.Growth in demand for convenient ‘ready-to-use’ foods to match modern lifestyles and for fresh natural food products 2.Growing Ingredients and Flavours market 3. Tapping global capability via emerging markets & global customers Threats 1.Food industry supply and demand issues 2.Commodity cost inflationary momentum 3.Impact of foreign exchange fluctuations Competition Competitors 1.Associated British Foods Plc. 2.Greencore Group Plc. 3. Westbury Dairies Limited Pest analysis